Introduction
It was a warm evening in late March when I had my first proud mother moment. It happened as I arrived through my front door with Mister Firstborn after his birth just a day or so earlier. He was kindly letting me know, in his most endearing newborn way, that he was Not Happy.
“What’s wrong, baby?” I cried as the door crashed closed, that little scream piercing my ears and melting my heart.
Yes, it was indeed my first proud mother moment. My son had inherited my voice.
What is it about your child’s voice that will stop you in your tracks every single time, causing you to drop your coffee, your shopping, and your reason? How on earth does that little person make such a big sound?
In my work as an opera singer, vocal coach and university lecturer, this is a fascinating question for me. As singers working with no amplification, making big, beautiful, rich and resonant sounds is on our minds most of the time. I spent twenty years learning to recreate an extremely refined, adult version of my baby’s voice to spend some fabulous years touring the world singing.
I realised in that moment, that my husband and I had done it: we had produced a little Pavarotti. The good news is, so can you!
Physical development of the voice in newborn babies
A person’s vocal tract consists predominately of larynx (voice box), vocal folds (vocal cords), trachea (wind pipe), lungs, pharynx, mouth, tongue and epiglottis, and, to a minor extent, nasal passages. The vocal folds are two flaps of soft tissue housed within the larynx.
Your voice is produced when the vocal folds are powered by air from the lungs to vibrate, thus producing sound waves. This sound is then shaped by the pharynx, tongue, mouth, teeth and lips to create speech and singing.
Your baby’s vocal physiology is fundamentally different in structure and function to that of a child or adult, set up mainly to ensure their survival. It has two functions: to cry for help and to drink in the most efficient way possible.
Babies therefore have much smaller lungs to make more space in the digestive system for milk. While an adult’s larynx is located about halfway down the neck, a baby’s is located right behind their jaw and is much less mobile. The epiglottis overlaps with the soft palate and the vocal folds themselves are much softer and more pliable.
This different physiology offers a newborn several benefits. Firstly, it virtually eliminates choking when nursing, allowing them to breathe and swallow at the same time. They are also able to fill their mouths completely before swallowing, which means more milk in less time- a huge advantage for the initial growth period.
This physical setup also produces and enhances high frequencies in the vocal sound. Amazingly, the average baby only cries at about 90 decibels: as loud as a blender or hairdryer. However, the high frequency amplification is what gives the cry its “cut”, allowing them to be heard clearly.
The vocal apparatus while crying is also surprisingly free of excessive muscular tension. This, coupled with the softer tissue, is how your little one can cry for hours without losing their voice.
What your baby is practicing vocally
From the moment of birth, your baby vocalises. Newborn cries contain all the elements of successful speech and singing: emotion, pitch and rhythm, loud and soft.
When not crying, your baby may practice cooing: happy vowel-like sounds lasting up to three seconds in duration.
Encouraging your baby’s voice
Here are some simple tips for inspiring your baby’s first experiences with voice:
- In utero. Talk and sing to your baby often in the last three months of pregnancy. Amazingly, babies have been found to move instinctively, subtly and intricately to the rhythm patterns of mother’s speech. Talking and singing frequently, playfully and lovingly to a baby in utero can increase his memory for both language and pitch.
- Motherese. Research has shown that newborn babies prefer to listen to human voices to non-human voices, and prefer to listen to their mother’s voice and her native language to other voices or languages. Motherese contains all the elements of a song: higher pitch range, extended vowels and greater pitch variation. This imitative, instinctive behaviour between baby and adult will naturally develop speech and singing as part of the child’s environment.
What is motherese?
Does your voice change when you talk to a baby? Do you speak more slowly, more clearly and use simplified language? Do you use baby words and exaggerated facial expressions? This is motherese. You are making it easier for your child to understand you. By removing unnecessary words you draw your child’s attention to those that are most important. Vroom, vroom! Nee-naw! Look! Fire engine. Red fire engine. Can you see it? Off it goes! Bye-bye fire engine! Mummy likes fire engine. Noisy!
- Sing to your children often. Most importantly, sing traditional music specifically written for children from their culture: nursery rhymes and lullabies. Their little ears are naturally tuned to those beautiful, complete melodies. You can also add a movement aspect while singing: rocking to calm songs and jiggling along to boisterous ones. Babies learn to associate music with both calming and stimulating messages. Singing brings a feelings-expressive dimension to communication which speaking alone often cannot provide.
Physical development of the voice in infants
During infancy, the vocal structure begins to develop into a miniature version of the adult’s. While a newborn’s vocal tract is primed for survival, the child’s and adult’s is set up for speaking and running.
The infant’s larynx grows and descends lower down the trachea and the lungs grow comparatively larger to the digestive system. This gives them much more range and flexibility in the sounds they are able to make, though the adult setup won’t be complete until the age of eight or nine.
What your infant is practicing vocally
Speech to the infant is observed and copied rather than taught. Having been immersed in a speech environment from birth, they are able to observe the benefits of using speech in their world. Thus speech’s development is mainly driven by the frustration an infant feels in being unable to communicate.
At around six months, an infant will begin babbling simple consonant/vowel combinations. Amazingly, these speech fragments are always syllables and phonemes of the mother tongue: Italian babies will babble in Italian sounds, and Korean babies will babble in Korean sounds.
Infants’ hearing and perception of music is also extremely sophisticated. By the age of six to ten months they are able to recognise familiar tunes and changes to them, even though they may be played in unfamiliar keys. They will also recognise songs heard in utero, though it may be months between hearings. They are also able to recognise simple rhythms and metres: for example a march versus a sway (duple and triple.)
Encouraging your infant’s voice
Some ideas for creating fun and positive vocal experiences with your infant:
- Build a positive, child-centred learning environment. Try not to delegate the important task of learning to speak to a non-human voice such as a screen or recorded music, as it’s not as effective as face-to-face interaction. Positively praise your child when he vocalises. Particularly as speech is emerging, if mistakes are made, don’t criticise, rather offer the correct word or phrase at a later date.
- Speak to your infant often, in person, about things familiar and close to them.
- Explore language together. Enjoy creating funny expressions and nonsense phrases for just the two of you. This is a popular device used particularly in children’s books and entertainment. Enjoy playing with sounds and words as you speak about what you do. ‘Sizzling sausages on the stove. Sizzle Sizzle SPLAT.
Physical development of the voice in toddlerhood
Toddler vocal development is a continuation of what has begun in infancy. As a toddler’s body size increases, so does, obviously the laryngeal size. Interestingly, up to this age, the tongue has been housed entirely within the mouth to enable nursing and breathing simultaneously. The back third of the tongue now descends into the pharynx, as well as a slight hardening of the vocal folds as the deeper muscle forms. This enables much more variety in speech resonation and articulation.
By age five, the basic adult configuration of the vocal tract is present, and will reach full size after puberty.
What your toddler is practicing vocally
While a yell is still able to make a statement, a toddler comes to realise around the age of three or four, that speech is necessary for survival: needs are met faster if they’re articulated.
A toddler’s first meaningful word usually appears at around one year of age, with three to ten single words hopefully available by the age of eighteen months.
At around age two, your child may use around fifty words, gradually forming into complete sentences. By three years, we may see the emergence of conversation, and vocabulary may exceed one thousand words!
During toddlerhood, music and singing becomes a part of play. Voiced sounds can accompany play with toys; chanting and songs become part of organised games with others.
